Application of Velocity-Based Training in Competitive Swimming: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence (2016-2025).

Abstract

Introduction: In competitive swimming, performance depends largely on the interaction between biomechanical, physiological, and neuromuscular factors, with the ability to produce force at high intensities and velocities being a key determinant, especially in short-duration events. In this context, Velocity-Based Training (VBT) has emerged as an alternative to the traditional 1RM-based load prescription model. Objective: The objective of the present research was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the application of VBT in swimming, considering both dry-land strength training and emerging attempts to monitor velocity within the aquatic environment. Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted through a structured search in the Dialnet, SciElo, PubMed, Frontiers, ScienceDirect, and Latindex databases. Studies published between 2016 and 2025 in Spanish, English, and Portuguese were included. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 4 studies were selected for analysis. Results: A strong association was found between load-velocity profile variables—specifically theoretical maximum velocity—and performance in 50- and 100-meter events. Furthermore, the load-velocity profile demonstrated high reliability for monitoring neuromuscular performance. Conclusion: VBT represents a promising tool for the individualized assessment and prescription of strength training in swimming, particularly in sprint events. However, longitudinal studies are required to establish causal relationships and analyze the actual transfer to aquatic performance.